Flat Feet leads to conditions such as:

Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

Achilles Tendinopathy

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Causes of flat feet

This condition can be congenital (e.g. from birth) or acquired (e.g. adults, increased exposure to weight-bearing).

Congenital flatfeet occurs when a child is born with or predisposed to having a more flexible midfoot region resulting in pronation or collapsing of the arch.

Acquired flatfeet is caused by a loss of active (e.g. intrinsic foot and ankle stabilizers) or passive support (ligamentous laxity, hypermobile joints) during dynamic weight-bearing activities. Muscular insufficiency in the ankle and arch stabilizers are the most common etiological factor for flat feet. Research suggests the tibialis posterior muscle is the most integral in stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch, via its insertion into the bony roof of the arch. When the arch stabilizers are performing sub-optimally, when weight and force are applied down through the foot, the arch slowly pronates and flattens towards the ground.

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CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

In this chapter, we would describe how the study was carried out.

Research design

Research design is a detailed outline of how an investigation took place. It entails how data is collected, the data collection tools used and the mode of analyzing data collected (Cooper & Schindler (2006). This study used a descriptive research design. Gill and Johnson (2002) state that a descriptive design looks at particular characteristics of a specific population of subjects, at a particular point in time or at different times for comparative purposes. The choice of a survey design for this study was deemed appropriate as Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) attest that it enables the researcher to determine the nature of prevailing conditions without manipulating the subjects.

Further, the survey method was useful in describing the characteristics of a large population and no other method of observation can provide this general capability. On the other hand, since the time duration to complete the research project was limited, the survey method was a cost effective way to gather information from a large group of people within a short time. The survey design made feasible very large samples and thus making the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. It allowed for many questions to be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. Usually, high reliability is easy to obtain by presenting all subjects with a standardized stimulus; observer subjectivity is greatly eliminated. Cooper and Schindler (2006) assert that the results of a survey can be easily generalized to the entire population.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Results

Table 1 reveals the descriptive result of male and female students with left and right normal feet. The male was as follows; width of central foot (right= 4.677 ± 0.61cm, left = 4.759 ± 0.672cm), width of rear foot (right= 5.569 ± 0.62, left = 5.576 ± 0.529) and planter arch index as (right, 0.846 ± 0.11cm, left, 0.857 ± 0.123) and the female presented

thus; The right and left feet are 4.707 ± 0.74cm and 4.870 ± 0.730cm respectively; and the right and left rear feet measure 5.598 ± 0.67cm and 5.606 ± 0.654cm respectively. The planter arch index of the right and left feet are recorded as 0.839 ± 0.91cm and 0.845 ± 0.144cm respectively

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Discussions Of Findings

The medial longitudinal arch and the bony configurations of the foot indeed constitute the floppy shape of the foot, which play a role in shock absorption, support, and transmission of body weight in stance and dynamic positions. Absence of the medial longitudinal arch leads to flat foot, and could be due to a variety of factors which may be physiological or pathological(Krupa et al., 2015).

The present study is an Assessment of planter arch index and prevalence of flat feet among students of Gregory university uturu, Abia State, Nigeria. The mean values of normal Planter Arch Indexes (PAI) recorded among the male students were 0.85 ± 0.11 and 0.80 ±

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